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feat: Integrate vLLM with Weight Propagation Interface (WPI) for Zero-Copy Weight Transfer#40828

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yangspirit:wpi
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feat: Integrate vLLM with Weight Propagation Interface (WPI) for Zero-Copy Weight Transfer#40828
yangspirit wants to merge 12 commits into
vllm-project:mainfrom
yangspirit:wpi

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@yangspirit

@yangspirit yangspirit commented Apr 24, 2026

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Purpose

To integrate vLLM with the Weight Propagation Interface (WPI), a Kubernetes-native framework for high-speed, zero-copy movement of large model weights. This feature enables zero-copy weight sharing from external trainers directly to vLLM inference workers, eliminating storage and CPU-GPU copy bottlenecks during online reinforcement learning (e.g., with GRPO).

This PR adds:

A new WPIWeightTransferEngine registered in the factory.
Lazy loading support for the required wpi_client package.

Test Plan

The integration was tested in a GKE cluster on accelerator-equipped nodes with the WPI driver running.

To reproduce the test:

Deploy the WPI driver and Custom Resources (WeightBuffer/WeightClaim).
Deploy the vLLM server with the "wpi" backend configured.
Run the cluster benchmark script:
bash
cd weight-propagation-interface/consumer/wpi_vllm/benchmark
./run_cluster_benchmark.sh Qwen/Qwen2-7B
Verify that the trainer can successfully connect and perform zero-copy weight transfers.

Test Result

Verified using a Qwen/Qwen2-7B model (approx. 14.19 GB weight payload) in a single-GPU setup:

Aggregate Mean Bandwidth: ~20.43 GB/s (peaking at 20.61 GB/s).
Mean Total Time: ~694.46 ms for complete weight propagation and HTTP metadata delivery.
The server pod remained stable without restarts, successfully loading the model and capturing CUDA graphs.


Essential Elements of an Effective PR Description Checklist
  • The purpose of the PR, such as "Fix some issue (link existing issues this PR will resolve)".
  • The test plan, such as providing test command.
  • The test results, such as pasting the results comparison before and after, or e2e results
  • (Optional) The necessary documentation update, such as updating supported_models.md and examples for a new model.

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Code Review

This pull request introduces the Weight Propagation Interface (WPI) as a new backend for weight transfer in vLLM, enabling high-throughput, zero-copy weight updates for RLHF and online training. The implementation includes a new engine, configuration updates, and factory registration. Feedback identified a potential issue with shard index calculation in multi-node environments and highlighted the need for memory alignment when packing tensors of varying dtypes into the shared VRAM buffer.

Comment thread vllm/distributed/weight_transfer/wpi_engine.py Outdated
Comment thread vllm/distributed/weight_transfer/wpi_engine.py

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Very clean! Could you add an example in examples/rl for weight transfer with WPI? Perhaps similar to this example: https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm/blob/597ed138033e51355ff4ba49876578df92633c91/examples/rl/rlhf_http_nccl.py

Comment on lines +185 to +196
def _import_wpi_client():
"""Lazily import WPIClient with a clear error message."""
try:
from wpi_client.client import WPIClient
return WPIClient
except ImportError:
raise ImportError(
"WPI weight transfer backend requires the `wpi_client` package. "
"Install it with: pip install wpi_client\n"
"Or from the WPI source: cd weight-propagation-interface/consumer/"
"wpi_client && pip install -e ."
) from None

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It looks like the package is not yet on PyPI. Do we want to hold off on the PR until the package is published?

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Yes, the package is not on PyPI yet. I have updated the error message in wpi_engine.py to remove the PyPI reference and only provide instructions on how to install it directly from the WPI source (cd weight-propagation-interface/consumer/wpi_client && pip install -e .).

class WPITrainerSendWeightsArgs:
"""Arguments for WPI trainer_send_weights method."""

mode: str

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Just FYI we are trying to clean up the usage of mode in the weight transfer APIs. #37476 is renaming this to send_mode to be explicit. (This is a pretty clunky part of the code that we want to remove long term, but thought I'll mention the planned change short term)

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Thanks for the heads-up! Makes sense to make it more explicit. I've kept it as mode for now in the example to match the current WPITrainerSendWeightsArgs definition in this branch.

I'll keep an eye on #37476 and will update it to send_mode once that lands.

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@yangspirit send_mode has landed. Can we update the PR to be consistent?

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Done. PTAL.

Comment on lines +95 to +97
# Pre-initialized trainer context (from trainer_init())
trainer_ctx: WPITrainerContext | None = None
"""Pre-initialized trainer context. If None, one will be created."""

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Just for my understanding, when would callers use this pre-initialized context vs not?

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Callers should use the pre-initialized context when performing repeated weight transfers (like in an RLHF training loop). Initializing it once at the start avoids the overhead of staging the buffer and importing CUDA memory on every step.

They would omit it (relying on lazy init) for one-off transfers or simple testing where they want to avoid managing the context object and don't care about the initialization overhead.

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Good to know, thanks!

@mergify

mergify Bot commented May 14, 2026

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Documentation preview: https://vllm--40828.org.readthedocs.build/en/40828/

@mergify mergify Bot added the documentation Improvements or additions to documentation label May 14, 2026
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mergify Bot commented May 23, 2026

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This pull request has merge conflicts that must be resolved before it can be
merged. Please rebase the PR, @yangspirit.

https://docs.github.com/en/pull-requests/collaborating-with-pull-requests/working-with-forks/syncing-a-fork

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can we also add a documentation page for the WPI engine?

At docs/training/weight_transfer

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Hi, thanks for the contribution, do you mind adding more experiment result in at least a 8-gpu rack and compare wpi with nccl and ipc?

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mergify Bot commented Jul 1, 2026

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This pull request has merge conflicts that must be resolved before it can be
merged. Please rebase the PR, @yangspirit.

https://docs.github.com/en/pull-requests/collaborating-with-pull-requests/working-with-forks/syncing-a-fork

@mergify mergify Bot added the needs-rebase label Jul 1, 2026
@yangspirit yangspirit force-pushed the wpi branch 3 times, most recently from 5a6ef66 to d8211e7 Compare July 10, 2026 00:54
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Hi, thanks for the contribution, do you mind adding more experiment result in at least a 8-gpu rack and compare wpi with nccl and ipc?

Done.

@mergify mergify Bot removed the needs-rebase label Jul 10, 2026
RLHF and online training workflows.

Architecture:
Trainer (send side) vLLM Worker (receive side)

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should follow start, for loop, finish contract here.

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Done.

weight.view(-1).view(torch.uint8),
non_blocking=True,
)
offset += nbytes

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Codex found a problem I feel like make a lot of sense:
The buffer is byte-addressable, but the receiver reinterprets each slice with .view(dtype=dtype) without copying it into a new storage. Therefore, the recorded offset must be divisible by the target dtype’s itemsize.
For example, a 6-byte FP16 tensor followed by an FP32 tensor places the FP32 tensor at offset 6. The receiver then attempts buffer[6:...].view(torch.float32), which fails because the underlying storage offset is not divisible by 4.
Please align offset before recording and copying each tensor, and include the resulting padding when calculating buffer_size_bytes, for example:
for name, tensor in iterator:
weight = tensor.detach().contiguous()
itemsize = weight.element_size()
offset = (offset + itemsize - 1) // itemsize * itemsize
nbytes = weight.nbytes
The example’s total_model_bytes = sum(...) must also use the same aligned-layout calculation; otherwise the aligned final tensor can exceed the allocated buffer.

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Done

@aoshen02

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@codex review

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Reviewed commit: c894e65a76

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)

# This will pack weights, trigger WPI propagate, and call /update_weights on server
WPIWeightTransferEngine.trainer_send_weights(param_iter, args)

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P2 Badge Start the WPI update session before sending

In this HTTP example, trainer_send_weights() posts to /update_weights, but the script never calls /start_weight_update first or /finish_weight_update afterward. The vLLM worker rejects /update_weights unless _weight_update_active was set by start_weight_update, so following this example fails before any WPI-loaded weights are applied; wrap this send with the same start/finish calls used by the NCCL and IPC HTTP examples.

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Done

Comment thread docs/training/weight_transfer/wpi.md Outdated
)

# Start weight update on inference side
llm.start_weight_update(is_checkpoint_format=True)

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P2 Badge Remove unsupported argument from start_weight_update

Users copying this WPI snippet will get a TypeError before the transfer starts because the vLLM LLM.start_weight_update()/HTTP start API takes no is_checkpoint_format parameter; the backend already chooses layerwise reload internally. Document llm.start_weight_update() so the example matches the actual public API.

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Done

@aoshen02

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@codex review

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Reviewed commit: d83d530d14

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Comment on lines +285 to +286
shard_index=shard_index,
total_shards=total_shards,

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P2 Badge Disable sharded WPI until updates are re-sliced

When callers set total_shards > 0 as documented for tensor-parallel WPI, this asks the driver to stage/open only a shard, but trainer_send_weights still packs one full checkpoint and receive_weights later interprets each mapped buffer using full-buffer offsets and full tensor shapes. In any real scatter run, workers will read the wrong byte ranges or run past their local shard instead of receiving the full tensors that load_weights expects, so the advertised sharded WPI path corrupts or fails weight updates; keep this in broadcast mode or send per-shard/rebased metadata.

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Done.

client=client,
vram_buffer=vram_buffer,
buffer_id=buffer_id,
buffer_size_bytes=buffer_size_bytes,

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I found a codex comment make sense to me, could you check?

stage_weight() above receives shard_index and total_shards, and WPI registers a sharded buffer under the effective ID <buffer_id>_shard. However, the returned context only preserves the base buffer_id, discarding the shard identity that is needed by later operations.
Consequently, trainer_send_weights() calls propagate(buffer_id=ctx.buffer_id) with weights, while the staged source resource is actually weights__shard_N, so the driver cannot find the buffer.
Please store shard_index/total_shards or the effective buffer ID in WPITrainerContext, and use that same resource identity for propagation and cleanup.

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Done.

"""
WPIClient = _import_wpi_client()

self._buffer_id = init_info.buffer_id

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Is it ok that for every tp rank use the same buffer id?

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Done

self._client.stage_weight(
buffer_id=self._buffer_id,
size_bytes=self._buffer_size,
claim_id=f"{self._buffer_id}-claim",

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And claim_id is the same, seems it's related to shutdown and resource release

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Done

@aoshen02

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Also find a codex comment make sense:
WPI currently propagates the buffer as size_bytes // 2 FP16 elements. If buffer_size_bytes is odd, the last byte is not transferred, which can silently corrupt UINT8/FP8 weights.
Please round the physical buffer size up to an even value on both trainer and worker sides, or reject unaligned sizes until WPI supports byte-level transfers.

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Could you run an E2E test after these things been addressed?

@yangspirit yangspirit force-pushed the wpi branch 2 times, most recently from 7061e0b to 8bd321e Compare July 15, 2026 04:26
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Could you run an E2E test after these things been addressed?

I have addressed the comments and ran the E2E tests. Thanks for your review!

@mergify

mergify Bot commented Jul 15, 2026

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Hi @yangspirit, the pre-commit checks have failed. Please run:

uv pip install pre-commit>=4.5.1
pre-commit install
pre-commit run --all-files

Then, commit the changes and push to your branch.

For future commits, pre-commit will run automatically on changed files before each commit.

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Could you run an E2E test after these things been addressed?

I have addressed the comments and ran the E2E tests. Thanks for your review!

thanks u!

Signed-off-by: Bill Du <yangspirit@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Bill Du <yangspirit@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Bill Du <yangspirit@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Bill Du <yangspirit@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Bill Du <yangspirit@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Bill Du <yangspirit@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Bill Du <yangspirit@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Bill Du <yangspirit@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Bill Du <yangspirit@google.com>
…tract lifecycle methods

Signed-off-by: Bill Du <yangspirit@google.com>
…nd example

Signed-off-by: Bill Du <yangspirit@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Bill Du <yangspirit@google.com>
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